توضیحات
Some of the consequences of the mechanistic software myth
The software elites have turned software into a weapon, a means to dominate and control society.
We depend more and more on the type of software that demands only trivial skills, so we are prevented from using our minds and expanding our knowledge.
The software elites are inducing dependence on inferior, standard systems, and are preventing independent, responsible programming.
New software products are installed every year in millions of places without being used, presumably because they are not the solutions they were said to be.
Software products and innovations are advertised by describing a few successes, which is logically equivalent to lying.
Universities are teaching and promoting invalid, pseudoscientific software notions.
Less than 1 percent of the programming activities in society represent useful work work benefiting society in the way the work of doctors does.
Individuals with practically no programming experience act as industry experts they write books on programming, teach courses, and provide consulting services.
Many software companies exploit the ignorance of programmers and users by suggesting that their products possess supernatural powers.
Programmers rely on worthless theories, development environments, and ready-made pieces of software, instead of programming and improving their skills.
Major government projects are abandoned after spending vast amounts of public money, while the incompetents responsible for these failures continue to be seen as software experts.
Corporations cannot keep their software applications up to date and must acquire or develop new ones over and over.
Society must support a growing software bureaucracy more and more workers are changing from individuals who perform useful tasks to individuals who merely practise the mechanistic software myth.
The concept of expertise is being degraded to mean, not the utmost that human minds can attain, but simply acquaintance with the latest software systems.
Our software culture is so corrupt that it has become, in effect, a form of totalitarianism.
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About the book
Addressing general readers as well as software practitioners, Software and Mind discusses the fallacies of the mechanistic ideology and the degradation of minds caused by these fallacies. Mechanism holds that every aspect of the world can be represented as a simple hierarchical structure of entities. But, while useful in fields like mathematics and manufacturing, this idea is generally worthless, because most aspects of the world are too complex to be reduced to simple structures. Our software-related affairs, in particular, cannot be represented in this fashion. And yet, all programming theories and development systems, and all software applications, attempt to reduce real-world problems to neat hierarchical structures of data, operations, and features.
Using Karl Popper’s famous principles of demarcation between science and pseudoscience, the book shows that the mechanistic ideology has turned most of our software-related activities into pseudoscientific pursuits. Using mechanism as warrant, the software elites are promoting invalid, even fraudulent, software notions. They force us to depend on generic, inferior systems, instead of allowing us to develop software skills and to create our own systems. Software mechanism emulates the methods of manufacturing, and thereby restricts us to high levels of abstraction and simple, isolated structures. The benefits of software, however, can be attained only if we start with low-level elements and learn to create complex, interacting structures.
Software, the book argues, is a non-mechanistic phenomenon. So it is akin to language, not to manufactured objects. Like language, it permits us to mirror the world in our minds and to communicate with it. Moreover, we increasingly depend on software in everything we do, in the same way that we depend on language. Thus, being restricted to mechanistic software is like thinking and communicating while being restricted to some ready-made sentences supplied by an elite. Ultimately, by impoverishing software, our elites are achieving what the totalitarian elite described by George Orwell in Nineteen Eighty-Four achieves by impoverishing language: they are degrading our minds.
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About the myth
The mechanistic myth is the belief that everything can be described as a neat hierarchical structure of things within things. And few of us realize that our entire culture is now based on this fallacy. While the world consists of complex, interacting structures, we prefer to treat every phenomenon as a simple, isolated structure.
Through our software pursuits, the mechanistic myth has spread beyond its academic origins and is affecting every aspect of human existence. In just one generation, it has expanded from worthless theories of mind and society (behaviourism, structuralism, universal grammar, etc.) to worthless concepts in the field of programming (structured programming, object-oriented programming, the relational database model, etc.) to worthless software-related activities that we all have to perform.
What is worse, our mechanistic beliefs have permitted powerful software elites to arise. While appearing to help us enjoy the benefits of software, the elites are in fact preventing us from creating and using software effectively. By invoking mechanistic software principles, they are fostering ignorance in software-related matters and inducing dependence on their systems. Increasingly, in one occupation after another, all we need to know is how to operate some software systems that are based on mechanistic principles. But our minds are capable of non-mechanistic knowledge. So, when the elites force us to depend on their software, they exploit us in two ways: by preventing us from creating better, non-mechanistic software; and by preventing us from using the superior, non-mechanistic capabilities of our minds.
The ultimate consequence of our mechanistic culture, then, is the degradation of minds. If we restrict ourselves to mechanistic performance, our non-mechanistic capabilities remain undeveloped. The world is becoming more and more complex, yet we see only its simple, mechanistic aspects. So we cope perhaps with the mechanistic problems, but the complex, non-mechanistic ones remain unsolved, and may eventually destroy us.
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Reviews:
www.forewordreviews.com
The scientific method of mechanism, by which the study of all things is broken down to their smallest building blocks and reassembled in hierarchical order, is the intellectual crowbar that tore down the religion-based myths that dominated thought before the Renaissance. Veteran programmer and computer scientist Andrei Sorin argues that mechanism has outlived its usefulness. Worse, it has become the new mythology, one as vigorously defended by todays academic and technological elite as the papacy and the Inquisition protected the belief system of the Middle Ages.
As the jacket attests, Sorin has the credentials that demand respect when he talks about his field of expertise and the world in which he works. While his weighty, 944-page tome, Software and Mind, is at first look overwhelming and intimidating, the arguments and observations put forth in the massive work are surprisingly, and thankfully, understandable and approachable. There is a great deal of repetition, which the author freely admits is intentional, but that repetition is necessary if a reader without his background is to comprehend his thesis.
That thesis is a damning one. It accuses academic and software elites (many of whom he names) of imposing an Orwellian totalitarianism on not only the scientific computer software community, but also upon those who use its products. Sorin, like the great thinkers of the Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment, seeks to break free of these artificial restraints, which he believes attempt to reduce real-world problems to neat hierarchical structures of data, operations and features.
Software and Mind is not a light or easy read, although Sorin works diligently to present his theories in a logical progression and in a language and style that does not require a reader to have an advanced degree to follow, understand, or digest. Engineers are often derided for their inability to communicate ideas in ways the layman can grasp. If that is a rule, Sorin is the exception.
Each of eight chapters is broken into sections, subsections, and what he calls numbered parts. Seven are self-contained journeys of exploration into such topics as Language and Software, Pseudoscience, and From Mechanism to Totalitarianism. One, however, is a book unto itself.
At more than 320 pages, Chapter Seven represents not only a physical third of the book, but also its theoretical core. Each of its three main sections are further subdivided into nine or ten subsections, and it is here that Sorin takes on what he sees as the true nemesis of freedom-loving software scientists everywhere: structured programming, object-oriented programming, and the relational database model. He derides these theories, once hailed as revolutionary, as not only pseudoscience but also as the equivalent of totalitarianism.
Sorins indictment of his profession is sure to stir up controversy and may come as a big surprise to many of his colleagues, let alone to the general public, which has come to revere software creators as something akin to the gods of old. Then again, false gods have fallen before, and Sorin, if he is indeed correct, may just be the scientist who cracks the mythological foundation upon which he claims the modern deities of the computer age stand.
From Kirkus Reviews
www.kirkusreviews.com
Named to Kirkus Reviews Best Books of 2013
In this massive philosophical treatise that crosses disciplines with verve and meticulous logic, politics, cognitive science, software engineering and more become threads in a complex examination of mental modeling.
Sorin argues against what he labels the mechanistic myth: the belief that virtually all fields, from psychology to biology, can be addressed by pursuing methodologies and theorizing based on hierarchical modeling a method of breaking down processes and concepts from high-level ideas into simple, indivisible base units or concepts. Although Sorins primary expertise and focus for the book is in programming and computer science, he convincingly argues that the success of hierarchical structures has spread from the hard sciences of physics and engineering where, in Sorins estimation, these models work and should be utilized to virtually all fields of study, including fields such as sociology and psychology in which the processes and concepts involved appear to be too complex for the relative simplicity of hierarchical modeling. Since these fields study human interactions, which function on multiple levels and can vary depending on numerous factors, Sorin argues that the important concepts and theories in these so-called soft sciences cannot be adequately modeled or understood using hierarchical thinking. From this basic concept, Sorin broadly examines what he sees as troubling trends in academia, software development, government and many other endeavors. Early on, Sorin betrays the color of his conclusions through frequent use of emotionally charged words (e.g., absurd, charlatans, totalitarianism) and disdain for the majority of those working in the mechanistic mode, focusing especially on academic bureaucrats and those who, in Sorins opinion, work with pseudoscientific theories, such as linguist Noam Chomskys theories regarding universal grammar. To be fair, Sorin offers a disclaimer in his critique of the mechanical myth: Myths, he says, manifest themselves through the acts of persons, so it is impossible to discuss the mechanistic myth without also referring to the persons affected by it. His clear disapproval of these groups and theories doesnt detract from the thorough explanations, well-reasoned arguments and crystalline logic he employs at every step. His explanations of mechanistic vs. nonmechanistic models and of the importance of tacit knowledge (meaning knowledge that is gained by experience, which isnt always expressible in simple ways) are particularly cogent, and his textbook-length elucidations will enrich understanding for university-level students in various fields of study.
Despite moments of personal distaste, Sorins concise arguments stand as a model of reason.
From Midwest Book Review
www.midwestbookreview.com
Once fodder for science fiction movies and pulp magazine stories, the computer has become a fundamental force in modern society. In Software and Mind: The Mechanistic Myth and Its Consequences Andrei Sorin draws upon his more than three decades of experience and expertise with respect to computers, computer systems, and their impact upon almost every aspect of our culture. Of special note is Sorins authoritative debunking of common place misconceptions and fallacies with respect to fostered attitudes regarding computers including those governmental and corporate vested interests in misrepresenting software products and their usefulness. This 944 page compendium begins with modern myths regarding software, covers what Sorin refers to as the pseudoscience of computer software, with chapters covering language and software, language as weapon, software as weapon, and software engineering. Of special note are the sections in the concluding chapter on Totalitarian Democracy. Enhanced with a comprehensive index, Software and Mind: The Mechanistic Myth and Its Consequences is a work of impressively presented scholarship, and a highly recommended, seminal addition to personal, professional, and academic library Computer Science and 21st Century Philosophy reference collections and supplemental reading lists.
From Reader Views
www.readerviews.com
Dr. Andrei Sorins book Software and Mind: The Mechanistic Myth and its Consequences, on the current state of software development, should be required reading for anyone entering the programming field. Any programmer that is currently and dogmatically following any methodology should be handed a copy of this book.
In my almost 30 years of programming experience, Ive lived through several of the changes he discusses. I know Ive drunk from the kool-aid that was offered at the time and had to learn the lessons in this book the hard way eventually accepting that deviations from the prescribed methodologies were the only viable option. Ive had to fight people that are so absorbed into the various systems that they could not perceive where these systems were failing or how they were hurting projects. This book can help an old programmer win arguments over these ideas and may save some new programmers from falling into the traps.
Im not saying I agree with everything that was written in the book. But, Andrei Sorin has obviously given this issue a lot of thought. He carefully develops the readers understanding of mechanism and the philosophies it was built upon. He shows where this philosophy can succeed and where it fails when it tries to describe more complex models, especially mechanisms attempts to model human thought, intuition and capacity for learning. Using this argument as a foundation, he shows how mechanism is applied to the software industry and used to create software that fails and the industry elite that propagates these ideas.
In Software and Mind Dr. Sorin breaks down the various methodologies for programming that have come in and out of vogue and explains why they fall short of the promises made by the software industry, carefully breaking them down into various fallacies and shortcomings showing were they were modified to accommodate these shortfalls by adopting parts of programming that the methodology attempted to eliminate. For example, structured programming and the GOTO superstition and Object Oriented Programming and its shunning of process flow.
If you are in school learning to program, read the book. If you program for a living, read the book. If you manage programmers, read the book. If you are thinking of investing in a software system, read the book before you buy. Above all else, if you find yourself clinging to the dogma of some methodology, take the time to read Software and Mind: The Mechanistic Myth and its Consequences by Andrei Sorin, PhD. It may open your mind to some possibilities.
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Dr. Sorin received a B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering (1970) and an M.Sc. in Computer Science (1971) from the Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, and a Ph.D. in Computer Science (1975) from the Imperial College, University of London, U.K. Since 1976 he has lived in Toronto, Canada. Andrei Sorin has been programming for more than forty years. He has worked on diverse types of hardware, from 4-bit microprocessors to mainframes.
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ترجمه ماشینی :
برخی از پیامدهای اسطوره نرم افزار مکانیکی \ نخبگان نرم افزاری نرم افزار را به سلاحی تبدیل کرده اند که وسیله ای برای تسلط و کنترل بر جامعه است. ما بیشتر و بیشتر به نوع نرم افزاری وابسته هستیم که فقط مهارت های پیش پا افتاده ای را می طلبد، بنابراین از استفاده از ذهن و گسترش دانش خود جلوگیری می کنیم. نخبگان نرم افزار وابستگی به سیستم های استاندارد پایین تر را القا می کنند و از برنامه نویسی مستقل و مسئولانه جلوگیری می کنند. محصولات نرم افزاری جدید هر ساله در میلیون ها مکان بدون استفاده نصب می شوند، احتمالاً به این دلیل که راه حل هایی نیستند که گفته می شد. محصولات و نوآوری های نرم افزاری با توصیف چند موفقیت تبلیغ می شوند که از نظر منطقی معادل دروغ گفتن است. دانشگاه ها مفاهیم نرم افزاری نامعتبر و شبه علمی را آموزش و ترویج می دهند. کمتر از 1 درصد از فعالیت های برنامه نویسی در جامعه نشان دهنده کار مفیدی است که به نفع جامعه است مانند کار پزشکان. افرادی که عملاً هیچ تجربه برنامه نویسی ندارند به عنوان متخصص صنعت عمل می کنند و کتاب هایی در مورد برنامه نویسی می نویسند، دوره ها را تدریس می کنند و خدمات مشاوره ای ارائه می دهند. بسیاری از شرکت های نرم افزاری از ناآگاهی برنامه نویسان و کاربران سوء استفاده می کنند و پیشنهاد می کنند که محصولات آنها دارای قدرت های ماوراء طبیعی هستند. برنامه نویسان به جای برنامه نویسی و ارتقای مهارت های خود به نظریه های بی ارزش، محیط های توسعه و نرم افزارهای آماده تکیه می کنند. پروژه های بزرگ دولتی پس از صرف مبالغ هنگفت پول عمومی رها می شوند، در حالی که افراد نالایق مسئول این شکست ها همچنان به عنوان کارشناسان نرم افزار دیده می شوند. شرکت ها نمی توانند برنامه های نرم افزاری خود را به روز نگه دارند و باید بارها و بارها نرم افزارهای جدید را خریداری یا توسعه دهند. جامعه باید از بوروکراسی نرم افزاری رو به رشد حمایت کند و کارگران بیشتری از افرادی که وظایف مفیدی را انجام می دهند به افرادی تبدیل می شوند که صرفاً اسطوره نرم افزار مکانیکی را تمرین می کنند. مفهوم تخصص در حال تنزل است به معنای، نه حداکثری که ذهن انسان می تواند به آن دست یابد، بلکه صرفاً به آشنایی با آخرین سیستم های نرم افزاری می پردازد. فرهنگ نرم افزاری ما آنقدر فاسد است که در واقع به نوعی توتالیتاریسم تبدیل شده است. ———— درباره کتاب خطاب به خوانندگان عمومی و همچنین متخصصان نرم افزار، نرم افزار و ذهن درباره اشتباهات ایدئولوژی مکانیکی و انحطاط اذهان ناشی از این اشتباهات بحث می کند. مکانیسم معتقد است که هر جنبه ای از جهان را می توان به عنوان یک ساختار سلسله مراتبی ساده از موجودیت ها نشان داد. اما، در حالی که در زمینه هایی مانند ریاضیات و ساخت و ساز مفید است، این ایده به طور کلی بی ارزش است، زیرا بیشتر جنبه های جهان آنقدر پیچیده هستند که نمی توان آنها را به ساختارهای ساده تقلیل داد. به ویژه امور مربوط به نرم افزار ما را نمی توان به این شکل نشان داد. با این حال، تمام تئوریهای برنامهنویسی و سیستمهای توسعه، و همه برنامههای نرمافزاری، تلاش میکنند تا مشکلات دنیای واقعی را به ساختارهای سلسله مراتبی منظم دادهها، عملیات و ویژگیها کاه
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