توضیحات
pt. 10. Introduction to macroeconomics — 22. Macroeconomics : the big picture — The nature of macroeconomics — The business cycle — The pain of recession — Long-run economic growth — Inflation and deflation — International imbalances — 23. Tracking the macroeconomy — The national accounts — The circular-flow diagram — Gross Domestic Product — Calculating GDP — Real GDP : a measure of aggregate output — Price indexes and the aggregate price level — The Consumer Price Index — 24. Unemployment and inflation — The unemployment rate — The natural rise of unemployment — Job creation and job destruction — Inflation and deflation — pt. 11. Long-run economic growth — 25. Comparing economics across space and time — The sources of long-run growth — Productivity — The aggregate production function — Why growth rates differ — Capital, technology, and growth differences — The role of government in promoting economic growth — Success, disappointment, and failure — East Asia’s miracle — Latin America’s disappointment — Africa’s troubles — Is world growth sustainable? — Economic growth and the environment — 26. Savings, investment spending, and the financial system — Matching up savings and investment spending — The financial system — Financial fluctuations — Asset price expectations — Asset price and macroeconomics — pt. 12. Short-run economic fluctuations — 27. Income and expenditure — The multiplier : an informal introduction — Consumer spending — Investment spending — The income-expenditure model — 27. Appendix : Aggregate demand and aggregate supply — 28. Aggregate demand and aggregate supply — Shifts of the aggregate demand curve — Shifts of the short-run aggregate supply curve — The AD-AS model — Short-run macroeconomic equilibrium — Macroeconomic policy — Keynes.;pt. 13. Stabilization policy — 29. Fiscal policy — Fiscal policy : the basics — Taxes, purchases of goods and services, government transfers, and borrowing — The government budget and total spending — Fiscal policy and the multiplier — The budget balance — The business cycle and the cyclically adjusted budget balance — Long-run implications of fiscal policy — Deficits, surpluses and debt — 29. Appendix : Taxes and the multiplier — 30. Money, banking and the Federal Reserve System — The meaning of money — Measuring the money supply — The monetary role of banks — Bank regulation — Determining the money supply — The Federal Reserve System — What the Fed does : reserve requirements and the discount rate — Open-market operations — European Central Bank — An overview of the twenty-first century American Banking System — 31. Monetary policy — The demand for money — Money and interest rates — Monetary policy and aggregate demand — Monetary policy, income, and expenditure — Inflation targeting — Money, output, and prices in the long run — 31. Appendix : Reconciling the two models of the interest rate — 32. Inflation, disinflation, and deflation — Money and inflation — Moderate inflation and disinflation — The output gap and the unemployment rate — Okun’s Law — The Short-run Phillips Curve — Inflation and unemployment in the long run — Debt deflation — pt. 14. Events and ideas — 33. Classical Macroeconomics — Money and the price level — The Great Depression and the Keynesian revolution — Keyne’s theory — Challenges to Keynesian economics — The revival of monetary policy — Monetarism — Inflation and the natural rate of unemployment — The political business cycle — Rational expectations, real business cycles, and new classical macroeconomics — The modern consensus — pt. 15. The open economy — 34. Open-economy macroeconomics — Capital flows and the balance of payments — The role of the exchange rate — Exchange rate policy — Exchange rates and macroeconomic policy — Fixed exchange rates — Floating exchange rates.;pt. 6. Behind the supply curve : inputs and costs — The production function — Malthus — Two key concepts : marginal cost and average cost — Short-run versus long-run costs — 13. Perfect competition and the supply curve — Perfect competition — Production and profits — The industry supply curve — pt. 7. Market structure : beyond perfect competition — 14. Monopoly — Types of market structure — The meaning of monopoly — How a monopolist maximizes profit — Monopoly and public policy — Price discrimination — 15. Oligopoly — The prevalence of oligopoly — Collusion and competition — Games oligopolists play — Oligopoly in practice — Tacit collusion and price wars — How important is oligopoly? — 16. Monopolistic competition and product differentiation — The meaning of monopolistic competition — Product differentiation — Understanding monopolistic competition — Controversies about product differentiation — The role of advertising — pt. 8. Microeconomics and public policy — 17. Externalities — The economics of pollution — Policies toward pollution — Environmental standards — Production, consumption, and externalities — Network externalities — 18. Public goods and common resources — Private goods and others — Public goods — Common resources — Artificially scarce goods — 19. The economics of the welfare state — Poverty, inequality, and public policy — The U.S. Welfare State — Means-tested programs — Social Security and Unemployment Insurance — The economics of health care — The debate over the welfare state — pt. 9. Factor markets and risk — 20. Factor markets and the distribution of income — The economy’s factors of production — Marginal productivity and factor demand — Is the marginal productivity theory of income distribution really true? — The supply of labor — 20. Appendix : Indifference curve analysis of labor supply –21. Uncertainty, risk, and private information — The economics of risk aversion — Buying, selling, and reducing risk — Private information : what you don’t know can hurt you.;pt. 1. What is economics? — Introduction : the ordinary business of life — 1. First principles — Individual choice : the core of economics — 2. Economic models : trade-offs and trade — 2. Graphs in economics — graphs, variables, and economic models — A key concept : the slope of a curve — Calculating the area below or above a curve — Graphs that depict numerical information — pt. 2. Supply and demand — 3. Supply and demand : a model of a competitive market — The demand curve — The supply curve — Supply, demand, and equilibrium — Changes in supply and demand — Competitive markets and others — 4. Consumer and producer surplus — Consumer surplus and the demand curve — Producer surplus and the supply curve — Consumer surplus, producer surplus and the gains from trade — A market economy — 5. The market strikes back — Why governments control prices — Price ceilings — Price floors — Controlling quantities — 6. Elasticity — Defining and measuring elasticity — Interpreting the price elasticity of demand — Other demand elasticities — The price elasticity of supply — An elasticity menagerie — pt. 3. Individuals and markets — 7. Taxes — The economics of taxes : a preliminary view — The benefits and costs of taxation — Tax fairness and tax efficiency — Understanding the tax system — 8. International trade — Comparative advantage and international trade — Supply, demand, and international trade — The effects of trade protection — The political economy of trade protection — pt. 4. Economics and decision making — 9. Opportunity cost and decisions — Making ‘how much’ decisions : the role of marginal analysis — Sunk costs — The concept of present value — pt. 5. The consumer — 10. The rational consumer — Utility : getting satisfaction — Budgets and optimal consumption — Spending the marginal dollar — From utility to the demand curve — 11. Consumer preferences and consumer choice — Mapping the utility function — Indifference curves and consumer choice — Prices, income, and demand.;Providing students of economics with a complete introduction to the subject, this work includes examples not just based on US macroeconomic history, but international experiences, so will appeal to a European audience and give students a more realistic view of how economics works in the real world.
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ترجمه ماشینی :
pt 10. مقدمه ای بر اقتصاد کلان — 22. اقتصاد کلان: تصویر بزرگ — ماهیت اقتصاد کلان — چرخه تجاری — درد رکود — رشد اقتصادی بلندمدت — تورم و کاهش تورم — عدم تعادل بین المللی — 23 ردیابی اقتصاد کلان — حساب های ملی — نمودار جریان دایره ای — تولید ناخالص داخلی — محاسبه تولید ناخالص داخلی — تولید ناخالص داخلی واقعی : معیاری از تولید کل — شاخص های قیمت و سطح کل قیمت — شاخص قیمت مصرف کننده — 24. بیکاری و تورم — نرخ بیکاری — افزایش طبیعی بیکاری — ایجاد شغل و تخریب شغل — تورم و کاهش تورم — pt. 11. رشد اقتصادی بلندمدت — 25. مقایسه اقتصاد در فضا و زمان — منابع رشد بلندمدت — بهره وری — تابع تولید کل — چرا نرخ رشد متفاوت است — تفاوت سرمایه، فناوری و رشد — نقش دولت در ترویج رشد اقتصادی — موفقیت، ناامیدی و شکست — معجزه آسیای شرقی — ناامیدی آمریکای لاتین — مشکلات آفریقا — آیا رشد جهان پایدار است؟ — رشد اقتصادی و محیط زیست — 26. پس انداز، مخارج سرمایه گذاری و سیستم مالی — تطبیق پس انداز و مخارج سرمایه گذاری — سیستم مالی — نوسانات مالی — انتظارات قیمت دارایی — قیمت دارایی و اقتصاد کلان — pt 12. نوسانات اقتصادی کوتاه مدت — 27. درآمد و هزینه — ضریب : یک مقدمه غیررسمی — مخارج مصرف کننده — مخارج سرمایه گذاری — مدل درآمد – هزینه — 27 ضمیمه : تقاضای کل و عرضه کل — 28. تقاضای کل و عرضه کل — تغییرات منحنی تقاضای کل — تغییرات منحنی عرضه کل کوتاه مدت — مدل AD-AS — تعادل کوتاه مدت اقتصاد کلان — سیاست های کلان اقتصادی — Keynes.;pt . 13. سیاست تثبیت — 29. سیاست مالی — سیاست مالی : اصول — مالیات ها ، خرید کالاها و خدمات ، نقل و انتقالات دولتی و استقراض — بودجه دولت و کل مخارج — سیاست مالی و ضریب — تراز بودجه — چرخه تجاری و تراز بودجه تنظیم شده به صورت دوره ای — پیامدهای بلندمدت سیاست مالی — کسری، مازاد و بدهی — 29. پیوست: مالیات ها و ضریب — 30. پول، بانکداری و فدرال رزرو سیستم — معنای پول — اندازه گیری عرضه پول — نقش پولی بانک ها — مقررات بانکی — تعیین عرضه پول — سیستم فدرال رزرو — آنچه فدرال رزرو انجام می دهد : الزامات ذخیره و نرخ تنزیل — – عملیات بازار باز — بانک مرکزی اروپا — مروری بر سیستم بانکداری آمریکا در قرن بیست و یکم — 31. سیاست پولی — تقاضای پول — پول و نرخ بهره — سیاست پولی و تقاضای کل — سیاست پولی، درآمد و هزینه — هدف گذاری تورم — پول، تولید و قیمت ها در بلندمدت — 31. پیوست: تطبیق دو مدل نرخ بهره — 32. تورم، کاهش تورم و کاهش تورم — پول و تورم — تورم متوسط و کاهش تورم — شکاف تولید و نرخ بیکاری — قانون اوکون — منحنی فیلیپس کوتاه مدت — تورم و بیکاری در بلندمدت — کاهش تورم بدهی — pt. 14. رویدادها و ایده ها — 33. اقتصاد کلان کلاسیک — پول و سطح قیمت — رکود بزرگ و انقلاب کینزی — نظریه کینز — چالش های اقتصاد کینز — احیای سیاست پولی — پول گرایی — تورم و نرخ طبیعی بیکاری — چرخه تجاری سیاسی — انتظارات منطقی، چرخه های تجاری واقعی، و اقتصاد کلان کلاسیک جدی
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