توضیحات
‘The American West is an evocative term that conjures up images of cowboys and Indians, covered wagons, sheriffs and outlaws, and endless prairies as well as contemporary images ranging from national parks to the oil, aerospace, and film industries. In addition, the West encompasses not only the past and present of the area west of the Mississippi but also the frontier as it moved across each of the fifty American states, offering the promise of freedom and a better life to pioneers and settlers in every era. This authoritative, comprehensive encyclopedia is a rich source of information about these many characteristics of the American West, real and imaginary, old and new, stretching from coast to coast and throughout the country’s history and culture. The encyclopedia, a thoroughly revised and expanded version of Howard Lamar’s acclaimed twenty-year-old Reader’s Encyclopedia of the American West, consists of entries in alphabetical order by more than 300 contributors’–Publisher description.;Snake River — Snow, Eliza Roxcy — Sod house — Sohon, Gustavus — Sonnichsen, Charles Leland — Sonoma Mission — Sonora, California — Sonoran Desert — Sorenson, Elias — South Carolina, settlement of — South Dakota — South Pass — Southern Pacific Railroad — Southwest Territory — Spalding, Henry Harmon — Spanish Americans — Spanish conspiracy — Spanish language in the Southwest — Spanish rule in the Mississippi Valley — Spanish-American War — Sparks, John — Spicer, Edward Holland — Spokane Indians — Sports and pastimes — Spur Ranch — Spurs — Squatter club — St. Clair, Arthur — St. Joseph, Missouri — St. Louis, Missouri — St. Paul — St. Vrain, Ceran De Hault De Lassus de — Stagecoach — Stanford, Leland — Stanley, John Mix — Stark Museum of Art — Starr, Belle [Myra Belle Shirley] — Steamboat — Steffens, [Joseph] Lincoln — Stegner, Wallace — Steinbeck, John — Stetson hat — Steunenberg, Frank — Stevens, Isaac Ingalls — Stevenson, Edward Augustus — Stevenson, Matilda Coxe — Stewart, William Morris — Still, William Grant — Stockton, Robert Field — Stone, Barton W — Stone, Willard — Stoudenmire, Dallas — Strahorn, Robert Edmond — Strang, James Jesse — Streeter, Thomas W. — Stuart, Granville — Stuart, John — Sublette brothers — Suffrage — Sullivan-Clinton Campaign — Sully, Alfred — Summerhayes, Martha Dunham — Sumner, Edwin Vose — Sun dance — Sun Valley, Idaho — Sundance Kid — Superior Upland — Susquehanna (Susquehannock) Indians — Sutro, Adolph Heinrich — Sutter, John Augustus — Sutters Fort — Swan, Alexander Hamilton — Swisshelm, Jane Grey Cannon — Sycamore Shoals, Treaty of — Tabor, Horace Austin Warner — Tait, Arthur Fitzwilliam — Taliaferro, Lawrence — Tall Bull — Talmage, James Edward — Tanner, John — Taos and Santa Fe art colonies — Tariff policy — Taverns and hotels — Taylor, Bayard — Taylor, John — Taylor Museum — Taylor, Zachary — Teapot Dome Scandal — Tecumseh — Telegraph — Television — Teller, Henry Moore — Ten-gallon hat — Tennessee, settlement of — Tenskwatawa (‘the Shawnee Prophet’) — Territorial Papers of the United States — Territorial system — Terry, Alfred Howe — Texas — Texas and Pacific Railroad — Texas, annexation of — Texas fever — Texas Rangers — Texas Revolution — Thames, battle of the — Theater — Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art — Thompson, Benjamin F. — Thompson, David — Thompson, Jacob — Thoreau, Henry David — Thorpe, Thomas Bangs — Thwaites, Reuben Gold — Tijerina, Reies Lopez — Tilghman, William Matthew Jr. — Tillamook Indians — Timber and Stone Act — Timber Culture Act — Tippecanoe, battle of — Tl’ah, Hastiin — Tlingit Indians — Tobin, John W — Tocqueville, Alexis de — Todd, John Blair Smith — Tolowa Indians — Tombstone, Arizona — Tomlinson, George A — Tonopah, Nevada — Tonti [Tonty], Henri de — Tonto Basin War — Toole, K. Ross — Topographical Engineers, Corps of — Tourist travel — Townley, Arthur Charles — Transcontinental railroad surveys — Transcontinental Treaty — Transportation on the Colorado River — Transportation on the Great Lakes — Transportation on the Mississippi River system — Transportation, overland — Transylvania Company — Transylvania Seminary — Trappers — Travelers’ guidebooks — Travis, William Barret — Tsimshian Indians — Tubac, Arizona — Tucson, Arizona — Tulsa, Oklahoma — Tumaccori — Tundra — Tunstall, John — Turner, Frederick Jackson — Turner, James Milton — Tuscarora Indians — Twain, Mark [Samuel Langhorne Clemens] — Tweton, D. Jerome — Twiggs, David Emanuel — Twin Cities, Minnesota — Twitchell, Ralph Emerson — Tyler, John — Tyson, Ian Dawson — Udall family — Ulloa, Antonio de — Union Pacific Railroad — United Order of Enoch — United States Indian policy, 1775-1860 — United States Indian policy, 1860-present — United States Mail Steamship Company — Universities — Uranium mining — Utah — Utah expedition of 1857-58, or Utah War — Utah War — Ute Indians — Utley, Robert M. — Uto-Aztecan language — Utopian colonies — Valley and Ridge Province — Van Devanter, Willis — Van Every, Dale — Vanderburgh, William Henry — Varennes, Pierre Gaultier de — Vargas, Diego Jos de — Vasquez, Louis — Vsquez, Tiburcio — Vegetation — Veniaminov, Ioann — Vermont, settlement of — Verner, Frederick Arthur — Vestal, Stanley — Vial, Pedro [Pierre] — Victor, Frances Fuller — Victorio — Vigilantism — Villard, Henry — Virginia City, Montana — Virginia City, Nevada — Virginia, settlement of — Voigt, Andrew — Voyageur — Waddell, William Bradford — Waggoner, Daniel — Wagner, Henry Raup — Waite, Davis Hanson — Walkara — Walker, James — Walker, Joseph Reddeford — Walker, Robert John — Walker, Tillie — Walker, William — Walking Purchase — Wallace, Henry Agard — Wallace, Henry Cantwell — Wallace, William Alexander Anderson (‘Big Foot’) — Wapiti — War hawks — War of 1812 — Ward, Eber Brock — Warner’s Ranch (California) — Warre, Henry James — Warren, Francis Emroy — Warren, Gouverneur Kemble — Washakie — Washington — Washington, George — Washita, battle of the — Washo Indians — Watauga Association — Water in the Trans-Mississippi West — Waters, Frank — Watie, Stand — Watkins, Carleton — Watson, Ella — Waud, Alfred R. — Wayne, Anthony — Wayne, John [Marion Michael Morrison] — W-Bar Ranch — Weaver, James Baird — Weaverville, California — Webb, Walter Prescott — Weber, John H. — Webster-Ashburton Treaty — Weiser, [Johann] Conrad — Weitzel, Godfrey — Welch, James — Wellman, Paul I. — Wells, Fargo and Company — Wells, Henry — Wells, Merle W. — Wells, William — Welsh, Herbert — West Florida — West, Oswald — West Virginia, settlement of — West, Walter Richard ‘Dick’ — West, W[alter] Richard Jr. — Westermeier, Clifford P. — Western Apache Indians — Western Federation of Miners — Western history, 1970-90s — Western History Association — Western Literature Association — Western novelists, European — Western Pacific Railroad — Western scholarly journals — Westerners, The — Westo Indians — Westport Landing, Missouri — Wheat production — Wheeler, Burton K. — Wheeler, George Montague — Wheeler-Howard Act — Wherry, Kenneth Spicer — Whig party — Whiskey Rebellion — White Hills, Arizona — White, James — White Oaks, New Mexico — White, Peter — White Pine, Nevada — White, Stewart Edward — White, William Allen — White-Indian relations — Whitman, Marcus — Whitman, Royal — Whitney, Asa — Whitney Gallery of Western Art — Whittredge, Thomas Worthington — Wichita, Kansas — Wier, Jeanne E. — Wild Bunch — Wild, John Caspar — Wild West show — Wilder, Laura Ingalls — Wilderness — Wilderness Road — Wildlife — Wilkes expedition — Wilkeson, Samuel — Wilkins, James F. — Wilkinson, James — Willamette River — Williams, Isaac — Williams, William S. — Wills, Robert — Wilmot Proviso — Wilson, Jack — Wilson, James — Wimar, Charles [Carl] Ferdinand — Winchester rifle — Wingfield, George — Winnebago Indians — Winter, George — Winther, Oscar Osborn — Wisconsin — Wissler, Clark — Wister, Owen — Wobblies — Wolf — Wolfskill, William — Woman suffrage — Women in western history — Wood, Abraham — Wood, Charles Erskine Scott — Wood, Leonard — Woodruff, Wilford — Woodruff, William Edward — Woods, Rufus — Wool, John Ellis — Wootton, Richens Lacy (‘Uncle Dick’) — Worcester v. State of Georgia — Work, John — Wounded Knee Massacre — Wovoka — Wright, William — Wyandot Indians — Wyeth, Nathaniel J. — Wyeth, Newell Convers — Wyoming — Wyoming Basin — XIT Ranch — Yadkin Valley — Yakima Indians — Yakima War — Yamasee Indians — Yankton, South Dakota — Yazoo land grant — Yell, Archibald — Yellowstone National Park — Yosemite National Park — Young, Brigham — Young, Ewing — Young, Mahonri Macintosh — Younger brothers — Yreka, California — Yuchi Indians — Yuma, Arizona — Yuma (Quechan) Indians — Zah, Peterson — Zane’s Trace — Zion National Park — Zion’s Co-operative Mercantile Institution — Zuni Indians.;Forty-niners — Forty-niners, trails of the — Fraeb, Henry — Franchre, Gabriel — Franciscan missions — Frank, Michael — Franklin, Benjamin — Franklin, state of — Frantz, Joe Bertram — Fraser, James Earle — Frazier, Lynn Joseph — Fredonian Rebellion — Free silver — Free-Soil party — Frmont, Jessie Ann Benton — Frmont, John Charles — French and Indian War — French dialects in the Mississippi Valley — French heritage — French, Peter — French rule in the Mississippi Valley — Frontier, Australia — Frontier, Canada — Frontier life, 1750-1850 — Frontier theory — Fulbright, James William — Fur trade, in the colonies — Fur trade, in the United States — Furnas, Robert Wilkinson — Fur-trading forts — Gadsden Purchase — Gall [Pizi] — Gallegos, Jos Manuel — Glvez, Bernardo de — Gambling — Gambling, Nevada — Games — Garcia, Hector Perez — Gard, [Sanford] Wayne — Garland, Hamlin — Garrard, Hector Lewis — Garrett, Patrick Floyd — Garry, Joseph R. — Gary, William de la Montagne — Gates, Paul Wallace — Gates, Susa Young — Gene Autry Western Heritage Museum — General Allotment Act — Genoa, Nevada — Gentilz, Jean Louis Theodore — Geological Survey, United States — Georgia, settlement of — German-Russian immigration — Geronimo — Ghent, Treaty of — Ghost Dance — Ghost of Sonora — Ghost towns — Giannini, Amadeo Peter — Gibbs, Jonathan — Gibson, Arrell M. — Gibson, Paris — Gila City, Arizona — Gila River — Gilcrease, William Thomas — Gillette, John Morris — Gilpin, William — Gipson, Fred — Girty, Simon — Gist, Christopher — Glacier National Park — Glass, Hugh — Glenn, Hugh James — Glenn-Fowler expedition — Glidden, Frederick D. — Godbe, William — Goetzmann, William Harry — Gold and silver rushes — Gold rush towns of California — Golden, New Mexico — Goldfield, Nevada — Goldwater family — Goliad, battle of — Gonzales, Rodolfo (‘Corky’) — Gooding, Frank Robert — Goodnight, Charles — Goodwin, Cardinal B. — Goodykoontz, Colin B. — Gore, Thomas P. — Gould, Jay — Graff, Everett D. — Graham-Tewksbury feud — Grand Canyon — Grand Forks, North Dakota — Grand Portage National Monument — Grand Teton National Park — Granger laws — Grant, Heber Jeddy — Grass Valley, California — Grasses — Grattan Massacre — Gray, Robert — Gray, William H. — Grayson, Andrew Jackson — Great American Desert — Great Basin Desert — Great Basin Indians — Great Basin streams — Great Diamond Hoax — Great Lakes — Great Lakes, men of the — Great Meadows, battle of — Great Northern Railroad — Great Plains — Great Renegade — Great Road of the Valley — Great Warrior’s Path — Greek immigration — Greeley, Horace — Green, Joshua — Greenback party — Greenville, Treaty of — Greenway, John Campbell — Greenwood, Caleb — Gregg, Josiah — Gressley, Gene M. — Grey, Zane — Grierson, Benjamin Henry — Grinnell, George Bird — Grizzly bear — Gros Ventre of the Missouri — Gros Ventre of the Prairie — Grouard, Frank — Gruening, Ernest — Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of — Gue, Benjamin F. — Guevavi — Gulf Coastal Plain — Guns — Guthrie, Alfred Bertram Jr. — Guthrie, Woodrow Wilson (‘Woody’) — Gwin, William McKendree — Hafen, LeRoy Reuben — Hahn, Carl Wilhelm [William] — Haida Indians — Hailey, John — Hale, John D. — Haley, James Evetts Sr. — Hall, Frank — Hall, James — Hallett, Moses — Hamilton, William T. — Hancock campaign — Handcart companies — Hanna, Marcus A. — Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad — Hansen, Marcus Lee — Hard Labor, Treaty of — Hardin, John Wesley — Harmar, Josiah — Harney, William Selby — Harriman, Edward Henry — Harris, Daniel Smith — Harris, La Donna — Harrison, William Henry — Harrod, James — Harte, [Francis] Bret[t] — Harvey, Ford Ferguson — Hastings, Lansford Warren — Hauser, Samuel Thomas — Hawaii — Hawaiian pidgin English — Hawley, James Henry — Haycox, Ernest — Hayden family — Hayden, Ferdinand Vandeveer — Hayes, Ira — Hays, John Coffee (‘Jack’) — Hays, William Jacob — Haywood, William Dudley — Headright system — Health — Hearst, William Randolph — Hebard, Grace Raymond — Heinze, Frederick Augustus — Henderson, Richard — Henry, Andrew — Henry, Patrick — Heyburn, Weldon Brinton — Heye Foundation, National Museum of the American Indian — Hiawatha legend — Hickok, ‘Wild Bill’ [James Butler] — Hicks, John D. — Hidatsa Indians — Higgins, Victor — Highways — Hill, James Jerome — Hill, Joe — Hill, Nathaniel Peter — Hill, Thomas — Hillerman, Tony — Hillsboro, New Mexico — Hine, Robert V. — Hitchcock, Gilbert Monell — Hittell, John Shertzer — Hodge, Frederick Webb — Hoecken, Adrian — Hogg, James Stephen — Holbrook, Stewart Hall — Holladay, Ben — Holladay’s stagecoach lines — Holliday, ‘Doc’ [John Henry] — Hollister, William Welles — Hollon, W. Eugene — Holmes, David — Holmes, William Henry — Holston River settlements — Homestake Mine — Homestead Act — Hoof-and-mouth disease — Hooker, Henry Clay — Hooper, William Henry — Hoover, Herbert T. — Hopi Indians — Hopkins, Mark — Horgan, Paul — Horn, Tom — Horse — Horse, wild — Horseshoe Bend, battle of — Hot Springs National Park — Hotels — Houck, Louis — Hough, Emerson — Houston, Samuel — Houston, Texas — Howard, James — Howard, Joseph Kinsey — Howard, Oliver Otis — Hudson’s Bay Company — Huffman, Laton Alton — Hughes, Howard Robard — Humboldt River — Humor — Hunt, George Wiley Paul — Hunt, Haroldson Lafayette — Hunt, Wilson Price — Hunter, Walter L. — Huntington, Collis Potter — Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens — Huron (Wyandot) Indians — Hutchinson, William Henry — Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne Sieur d’ — Ickes, Harold LeClair — Idaho — Idaho City, Idaho — Idaho National Engineering Laboratory — Iliff, John Wesley — Illinois, settlement of — Immigration — Imperial Valley and the Salton Sea (California) — Independence, Missouri — Indian Affairs, Bureau of — Indian languages — Indian painters — Indian pottery — Indian Power movement — Indian Rights Association — Indian sign language — Indian silverwork — Indian Territory — Indian wars — Indian weaving — Indian-African-American relations — Indiana, settlement of — Indian-captivity narratives — Indians and white diseases — Indians, Christian — Indians of California — Indians of Texas — Indians of the Great Basin — Indians of the Great Plains — Indians of the Northwest Coast — Indians of the Southwest — Indian-white relations: British Indian policy, 1763-75 — Industrial Army movement — Industrial Workers of the World — Interior, Department of the — Interior Low Plateau — Internal improvements — Iowa — Irish immigration — Iroquoian language — Iroquois confederacy — Irrigation — Irvine Ranch — Irvine, William C. — Irving, Washington — Italian immigration — JA Ranch — Jackrabbit — Jackson, Andrew — Jackson family — Jackson, Harry Andrew — Jackson, Helen [Maria Fiske] Hunt — Jackson, Sheldon — Jackson, W. Turrentine — Jackson, William Henry — Jacobs, Wilbur S. — James, Edwin — James, Jesse [Woodson] and [Alexander], Frank[lin] — James, William Roderick — Japanese Americans — Japanese immigration — Jayhawkers — Jay’s Treaty — Jefferson Barracks — Jefferson, Thomas — Jeffersonian Republican party — Jeffords, Thomas J. — Jennings, William — Jerome, Arizona — Jesuit missions — Jesup, Thomas Sidney — Jewish immigration — Jicarilla Indians — Jogues, Isaac — Johannsen, Robert — Johnson, Claudia Alta (‘Lady Bird’) — Johnson County War — Johnson, Dorothy Marie — Johnson, Hiram Warren — Johnson, Lyndon Baines — Johnson, Richard Mentor — Johnson, Robert Ward — Johnson, William — Johnston, Albert Sidney — Jolliet, Louis — Jones, John Percival — Jones, Thomas ap Catesby — Joseph, Antonio — Joseph, Chief — Joset, Joseph — Joslyn Art Museum — Joy, James Frederick — Judah, Theodore Dehone — Kaiser, Henry John — Kamiakin — Kane, Paul — Kansa Indians — Kansas — Kansas Pacific Railroad — Kansas-Nebraska issue — Kearney, Denis — Kearny, Stephen Watts — Keelboat — Keeler, William Wayne — Keith, William — Keleher, William Aloysius — Kelley, Hall Jackson — Kelley, Oliver Hudson — Kelly, Milton — Kelly, New Mexico — Kendrick, John Benjamin — Kenedy, Mifflin — Kenton, Simon — Kentucky frontier stations — Kentucky rifle — Kentucky, settlement of — Keokuk — Kern brothers: Edward Meyer and Richard Hovendon — Kern, Richard Hovendon — Kerr, Robert S. — Kesey, Ken Elton — Kickapoo Indians — Kidder, Alfred Vincent — Kieft’s War — Kimball, Jonathan Golden — King, Charles Bird — King, Clarence — King George’s War — King Philip’s War — King Ranch — King, Richard — King William’s War — Kings Canyon National Park — Kings Mountain, battle of — Kings River — Kingsolver, Barbara — Kinkaid Act — Kino, Eusebio Francisco — Kiowa Indians — Kiowa-Apache Indians — Kittredge, William — Kittson, Norman Wolfred — Klamath Indians — Klamath River — Kluckhohn, Clyde Kay Maben — Know-Nothing party — Koerner, William Henry Dethlef — Krieghoff, Cornelius David — Kroeber, Alfred Louis — Kruttschnitt, Julius — Kurz, Rudolph Friedrich — Kwakiutl Indians — Kyle, James Henderson — La Barge, Joseph — La Farge, Oliver Hazard Perry — La Flesche, Francis — La Flesche, Susan [Picotte] and Susette, [Tibbles] — La Paz, Arizona — La Salle, Ren Robert Cavelier, Sieur de.;Oneida Indians — O’Neill, ‘Buckey’ [William Owen] — Onondaga Indians — Opechancanough — Opera — Ophir, Utah — Oraibi, Arizona — Ordway, Nehemiah — Oregon — Oregon controversy — Oregon Trail — O’Reilly, Alejandro — Orleans, Territory of — Osage Indians — Osceola — Osgood, Ernest S. — Otero, Miguel Antonio — Otero, Miguel Antonio — Ouachita Province — Oury brothers — Overland guidebooks — Overland Mail Company — Owen, Robert L. — Owens, Commodore Perry — Ozark Plateaus — Pacific Border Province — Pacific Fur Company — Pacific Mail Steamship Company — Painter — Paiute Indians — Palace of the Governors — Palladino, Lawrence — Palmer, Frances Flora — Palmer, William Jackson — Palo Duro Canyon, battle of — Panama: Isthmian diplomacy since 1850 — Panamint City, California — Panther — Papago Indians — Paris, Treaty of — Paris, Treaty of — Parker, Bonnie — Parker, George Leroy — Parker, Isaac Charles — Parkman, Francis — Parrington, Vernon Louis — Parsons, Elsie Clews — Passage to India — Pattie, Sylvester and James Ohio — Paul, Rodman Wilson — Paxson, Frederick Logan — Peace policy — Peale, Titian Ramsay — Pecos River — Peffer, William Alfred — Pelzer, Lewis — Pembina, North Dakota — Penitentiaries — Pennsylvania Germans — Pennsylvania, settlement of — People’s party — People’s party, Kansas — Pequot War — Perea, Pedro — Perkins, Charles Elliott — Perot, Henry Ross — Perrigo, Lynn — Perrot, Nicolas — Perry, Oliver Hazard — Pershing, John Joseph — Peterson, Helen White — Petroleum industry — Pettigrew, Richard Franklin — Peyotism — Philip, [James] Scotty — Phoenix, Arizona — Photography — Physiography of the United States — Pickett, Bill — Pidgin English — Piedmont Plateau — Pierce, Elias Davidson — Pierce, ‘Shanghai’ [Abel Head] — Pierpont, Francis Harrison — Pierre, South Dakota — Pierre’s Hole, battle of — Pierson, George Wilson — Pike, Albert — Pike, Zebulon Montgomery — Pilcher, Joshua — Pilgrims — Piman Indians — Pinchot, Gifford — Pinckney’s Treaty — Pine Bluff, Arkansas — Pinkerton Detective Agency — Pitalesharo — Pittman, Key — Placerville, California — Plant, Henry Bradley — Plantation system — Plants — Platte River — Pleasant Valley War — Plenty Coups — Plummer [Plumer], Henry — Plymouth Colony — Pocahontas — Poe, Orlando M. — Poindexter, George — Point, Nicolas — Pokagon, Leopold — Polygamy — Pomeroy, Earl S. — Ponca Indians — Ponce de Len, Juan — Pond, Peter — Pond, Samuel and Gideon — Pontiac’s Rebellion — Pony Express — Pope, John — Popular sovereignty — Populism — Populism in the Mountain West — Porter, Kenneth Wiggins — Portland, Oregon — Posey, Alexander — Poston, Charles Debrille — Potawatomi Indians — Pottery, southwestern Indian — Powder River Indian expedition — Powell, John Wesley — Powhatan — Prairie — Prairie dog — Prairie du Chien, Treaty of — Prairie schooner — Pratt, Orson — Pratt, Richard Henry — Presbyterians — Prescott, Arizona — Preuss, Charles — Priber, Christian Gottlieb — Price, Clayton S. — Price, Florence — Price, Sterling — Prints — Proclamation of 1763 — Pronghorn — Prospector — Prostitution on the frontier — Protestant churches — Protestant missionaries — Provo, Utah — Provost, Etienne — Prowers, John Wesley — Prucha, Francis Paul — Public domain — Pueblo Indians — Pullman, George Mortimer — Puma — Pumpelly, Rafael — Pursima Concepcin, La — Puritans — Pushmataha — Pyramid Lake, Nevada — Quaife, Milo Milton — Quaker policy — Quanah Parker — Quantrill’s Raiders — Quapaw Indians — Quechan Indians — Queen Anne’s War — Quick, John Herbert — Quinault Indians — Quitman, John Anthony — Radio and television, westerns on — Railroad land grants — Railroads — Ralston, William Chapman — Ramsey, Alexander — Ranches of California — Randsburg, California — Rankin, Jeannette — Ranney, William Tylee — Ravalli, Anthony — Raynolds expedition — Reading Prong — Reagan, John H. — Reagan, Ronald — Reaugh, [Charles] Frank[lin] — Reavis, James Addison — Reclamation and irrigation — Recreation — Red, Bird — Red, Cloud [Makhpya-Lta] — Red, Jacket [Sagoyewatha] — Red Power movement — Red River cart — Red River of the North — Red River of the South — Red River War — Reed, Simeon Gannett — Refugio — Regulators of North Carolina — Reid, Hugo — Reifel, Benjamin — Remington, Frederic — Rendezvous system — Renner, Frederic G. — Reno, Marcus A — Reno, Nevada — Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints — Reptiles — Republican party, 1856-96 — Revivalism — Rhode Island, settlement of — Rhodes, Eugene Manlove — Rhyolite, Nevada — Ribault, Jean — Rich, Charles Coulson — Richardson, Rupert N. — Richter, Conrad — Ridge, Martin — Riegel, Robert E. — Riel, Louis [David] — Rifles — Riggs, Lynn — Rindisbacher, Peter — Ringo, John Peters — Rio Grande — Ripley, Edward Payson — Rister, Carl Coke — Rivermen — Roads and highways — Roberts, Brigham Henry — Roberts, [Granville] Oral — Roberts, Oran Milo — Robertson, James — Robidoux brothers — Robinson, Charles — Rockwell Museum — Rocky Mountain Fur Company — Rocky Mountain National Park — Rocky Mountains — Rodeo — Rogers, John Rankin — Rogers, Will [William Penn Adair] — Rogers, William Allen — Rolle, Andrew F. — Rollins, Philip Ashton — Rlvaag, Ole Edvart — Roman Catholic church — Roman Catholic missionaries — Roman, Nose — Roosevelt, Nicholas J — Roosevelt, Theodore — Rosario — Rose, Edward — Rosebud, battle of the — Rosewater, Edward — Ross, Alexander — Ross, Charles Benjamin — Ross, John — Rough Riders — Royce, Josiah — Ruef, Abraham — Rundell, Walter Jr. — Russell, Charles Marion — Russell, Hubbard Searles — Russell, Majors and Waddell — Russell, Osborne — Russell, William Hepburn — Russian-American Company — Ryan, John Dennis — Sacagawea — Sacramento, California — Sacramento River — Saddles — Safety valve theory — Salinas River — Salish Indians — Salish language — Saloon — Salpointe, Jean Baptiste — Salt Lake City, Utah — Salt licks — Salton Sea — San Andreas fault — San Antonio de Padua — San Antonio de Valero — San Antonio, Texas — San Buenaventura — San Carlos Borromeo — San Diego de Alcal — San Fernando Rey de Espaa — San Francisco, California — San Francisco de Ass — San Francisco de la Espada — San Francisco de los Neches — San Francisco de los Tejas — San Francisco Solano — San Francisco Xavier de Horcasitas — San Gabriel Arcngel — San Ildefonso — San Ildefonso, Treaty of — San Jacinto, battle of — San Joaquin River — San Jos de Guadalupe — San Jos de los Nazonis — San Jos y San Miguel de Aguayo — San Juan Bautista — San Juan Capistrano (California) — San Juan Capistrano (Texas) — San Lorenzo, Treaty of — San Luis Obispo de Tolosa — San Luis Rey de Francia — San Miguel Arcngel — San Rafael Arcngel — San Rafael Ranch — San Saba — San Xavier del Bac — San Xavier River missions — Sand Creek Massacre — Sanders, Wilbur Fisk — Sandoz, Mari — Sandpainting or dry painting — Santa Anna, Antonio Lpez de — Santa Brbara — Santa Clara de Ass — Santa Cruz — Santa Fe and Chihuahua Trail — Santa Fe, New Mexico — Santa Fe Ring — Santa Ins, Virgen y Mrtir — Santee, Ross — Sapir, Edward — Sappington, John — Sarasin — Sargent, Winthrop — Sasquatch — Satanta [Set- taint- te, ‘White Bear’] — Sauk Indians — Scalping — Schaefer, Jack Warner — Schafer, Joseph — Scheiber, Harry N. — Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe — Schreiner, Charles — Schreyvogel, Charles — Schurz, Carl — Scotch-Irish — Scott, Thomas Alexander — Scott, Winfield — Scrugham, James G. — Seattle, Washington — Second Awakening — Sellers, Isaiah — Selman, John Henry — Seltzer, Olaf Carl — Seminole Indians — Seminole Wars — Seneca Indians — Sequoia and Kings Canyon national parks — Sequoyah — Serra, Junpero — Sevier, John — Seymour, Samuel — Shafroth, John Franklin — Shakers — Shambaugh, Benjamin Franklin — Sharkey, William Lewis — Sharp, Joseph Henry — Shawnee Indians — Shawnee Prophet — Sheep ranching — Shelby, Isaac — Sheridan, Philip Henry — Sherman, William Tecumseh — Short, Luke [Frederick Dilley Glidden] — Short, Luke L. — Shortridge, Eli C.D. — Shoshone Indians — Shoulders, James — Shoup, George Laird — Showboat — Shreve, Henry M. — Sibley, Henry Hastings — Sieber, Albert — Sierra Club — Sierra Nevada — Silko, Leslie Marmon — Silver issue — Silver King, Arizona — Silver Plume, Colorado — Silver Reef, Utah — Silver rushes — Silverwork, southwestern Indian — Simpson, Jerry — Simpson, Sir George — Since 1850 — Siouan language — Siouan tribes, Southern — Sioux (Dakota, Lakota) Indians — Sioux Falls, South Dakota — Sioux Uprising — Sire, Joseph A — Siringo, Charles A. — Sitka, Alaska — Sitting Bull [Tatanka Iyotake] — Skitswish Indians — Slaughter, John — Slidell, John — Slim Buttes, battle of — Sloan, John — Smillie, James David — Smith, Henry Nash — Smith, Jackson and Sublette — Smith, Jedediah Strong — Smith, Joseph Fielding — Smith, Joseph Jr. — Smith, Thomas James — Smoot, Reed — Smythe, William Ellsworth.;La Vrendrye, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de — Labor movement — Laclde, Pierre — Ladd, Edwin Fremont — Lahontan, Louis-Armand de — Lake, Bonneville (Utah) — Lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan, Ontario, and Superior — Lamar, Howard R. — Lamar, Mirabeau Buonaparte — L’Amour, Louis Dearborn — Lamy, Jean Baptiste — Lancaster, Treaty of — Land claims, private — Land companies — Land Grant Act of 1862 — Land Office, General — Land policy. in the colonies — Land reform movement — Land surveys — Land system, southern — Land-grant college — Lane, James Henry — Lane, Joseph — Langer, William — Langlade, Charles Michel — Languages — Larkin, Thomas Oliver — Larpenteur, Charles — Larrazolo, Octaviano Ambrosio — Larson, T.A. — Las Vegas, Nevada — Lassen Volcanic National Park — Lathrop, ‘Cap’ [Austin Eugene] — Latter-day Saints — Latter-day Saints, Reorganized — Lavender, David — Law and order — Lea, Tom — Lead mining — Lead, South Dakota — Leadville, Colorado — Lease, Mary Elizabeth — Lecompton constitution — Lee, Andrew Erickson — Lee, Ann — Lee, Jason — Lee, Robert Edward — Leidesdorff, Alexander — Leigh, William Robinson — Leland, Alonzo — Lemke, William — Leonard, Zenas — Leone — Leopold, Aldo — Leseuer, Charles-Alexandre — Leslie, [Nashville] Frank[lin] (‘Buckskin’) — Levi’s — Lewis and Clark expedition — Lewis, Andrew — Lewis, Henry — Lewis, James Otto — Lewis, Meriwether — Lexington, Kentucky — Libby, Orin Grant — Lincoln, Abraham — Lincoln County War — Linderman, Frank Bird — Linn, Lewis Fields — Lipan Indians — Lisa, Manuel — Lithography — Little Arkansas, Treaty of the — Little Bighorn, battle of the — Little, Crow [Taoyateduta] — Little Rock, Arkansas — Little, Turtle [Mishikinakwa] — Little, Wolf — Livingston, Edward — Lochaber, Treaty of — Lockwood, Francis Cummins — Lockwood, John Ward — Log cabin — Logan, James — Logan, James or John — Logan, Utah — Logstown, Pennsylvania — Lomax, John Avery — London Company, The — Long, Ellen Call — Long, Huey P — Long hunters — Long, Stephen Harriman — Longhorn — Longley, William Preston — Lord Dunmore’s War — Loriks, Emil — Los Alamos, New Mexico — Los Angeles, California — Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History — Lost Dutchman’s Mine — Lottinville, Savoie — Louisiana, District of — Louisiana Purchase — Louisiana, state of — Louisiana Territory — Louisville, Kentucky — Loving, Oliver — Lowe, Joseph — Lowie, Robert H. — Luhan, Mabel Dodge — Lumber industry — Lumberjack — Lummis, Charles Fletcher — Luna, Solomon — Lytle, John T. — MacDonald, Peter — Mackay, John W. — Mackenzie, Donald — Mackenzie, Ranald Slidell — Magoffin, James Wiley — Mail service — Maine, settlement of — Majors, Alexander — Malin, James Claude — Mandan Indians — Manfred, Frederick — Mangas Coloradas — Manifest destiny — Mankiller, Wilma — Mansfield, Michael Joseph — Manzanares, Francisco Antonio — Mapmaking — Marcy, Randolph Barnes — Marquette, Jacques — Marryat, Frank [Samuel Francis] — Marsh, Grant — Marsh, John — Marshal, federal — Martin, Anne — Martnez, Antonio Jos — Martnez, Mara Montoya — Maryland, settlement of — Mason Valley Ranch — Mason-Dixon line — Massachusetts, settlement of — Masterson, Bat [Bartholomew] — Masterson, Louis [Kjell Hallbing] — Matador Ranch — Mather, David Allen — Mather, Samuel Livingstone — Mathews, Alfred Edward — Mattes, Merrill J. — Maxwell Land Grant Company — Maxwell, Lucien Bonaparte — May, Karl Friedrich — Mayer, Frank Blackwell — Mayflower Compact — McCarran, Patrick A. — McCarty, Henry — McClintock, James Harvey — McClure, Jake — McCormick, Richard Cunningham — McCoy, Joseph G. — McCraken, Tracy Stephenson — McCulloch, Benjamin — McCulloch, Hartnell and Company — McCumber, Porter James — McDermott, John Francis — McDougall, Alexander — McDowell, Ephraim — McGillivray, Alexander — McGovern, George Stanley — McKay, David Oman — McKenzie, Alexander — McKenzie, Kenneth — McLaughlin, James — McLoughlin, John — McMurtry, Larry — McNelly, Leander H. — McNickle, D’Arcy — McSween, Alexander — Mead, Elwood — Meagher, Michael and John — Means, Russell — Mears, Otto — Medicine Lodge, Treaty of — Meek, Joseph L. — Meeker, Ezra — Meeker Massacre — Men and manhood in western history — Menard, [Antoine] Pierre — Menndez de Avils, Pedro — Merk, Frederick — Mesa Verde National Park — Mescalero Indians — Mesquakie Indian settlement — Methodists — Mexican Americans. Also Chicanos/Chicanas — Mexican War — Miami Indians — Michelson, Halvor — Michigan, settlement of — Middle border — Miles, Nelson Appleton — Miller, Alfred Jacob — Miller brothers: Jos
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ترجمه ماشینی :
“غرب آمریکا اصطلاحی است که تصاویر کابوی ها و سرخپوستان ، واگن های پوشیده شده ، کلانترها و غیرقانونی ها ، و دلهره های بی پایان و همچنین تصاویر معاصر از پارک های ملی گرفته تا نفت ، هوافضا و صنایع فیلم را به نمایش می گذارد. علاوه بر این ، غرب نه تنها گذشته و حال منطقه غرب می سی سی پی را شامل می شود ، بلکه مرزهایی را که در هر یک از پنجاه کشور آمریکایی حرکت می کند ، ارائه می دهد و وعده آزادی و زندگی بهتری را برای پیشگامان و مهاجران در هر دوره ارائه می دهد. بشر این دائر ycl المعارف معتبر و جامع منبع غنی از اطلاعات در مورد این ویژگی های بسیاری از غرب آمریکا ، واقعی و خیالی ، قدیمی و جدید است که از ساحل به ساحل و در کل تاریخ و فرهنگ کشور امتداد دارد. دائر ycl المعارف ، نسخه کاملاً اصلاح شده و گسترده از دائر ycl المعارف خواننده بیست ساله تحسین شده هوارد لامار ، شامل نوشته هایی به ترتیب حروف الفبا توسط بیش از 300 مشارکت کننده-توضیحات ناشر. ؛ رودخانه مار-برف ، الیزا Roxcy – SOD House – Sohon ، Gustavus – Sonnichsen ، Charles Leland – Mission Sonoma – Sonora ، California – Sonoran – Sorenson ، Elias – Carolina South ، Settlement of – Dakota South – South Pass – -راه آهن اقیانوس آرام جنوبی-قلمرو جنوب غربی-اسپالدینگ ، هنری هارمون-آمریکایی های اسپانیایی-توطئه اسپانیایی-زبان اسپانیایی در جنوب غربی-حکومت اسپانیا در دره می سی سی پی-جنگ اسپانیایی و آمریکایی-جرقه ، جان- Spicer ، ادوارد هلند – سرخپوستان Spokane – ورزش و سرگرمی – Spur Ranch – Spurs – Squatter Club – St. Clair ، Arthur – سنت جوزف ، میسوری – سنت لوئیس ، میسوری – سنت پاول – St. Vrain ، Ceran de Hault de Lassus de- Stagecoach- Stanford ، Leland- Stanley ، John Mix- موزه هنر استارک- استار ، Belle [Myra Belle Shirley]- Steamboat- Steffens ، [ جوزف] لینکلن – استگنر ، والاس – استینبک ، جان – استتسون هات – استوننبرگ ، فرانک – استیونز ، اسحاق اینگالس – استیونسون ، ادوارد آگوستوس – استیونسون ، ماتیلدا کاکس – استوارت ، ویلیام موریس – هنوز ، هنوز ، ویلیام گرانت -استکهتون ، رابرت فیلد -استون ، بارتون دبلیو -استون ، ویلارد -استودنمیر ، دالاس -استراهورن ، رابرت ادموند -استرانگ ، جیمز جسی -استریتر ، توماس دبلیو -استوارت ، گرانویل – استوارت ، جان-برادران Sublette-حق رأی-کمپین سالیوان-کلینتون-سالی ، آلفرد-Summerhayes ، مارتا دونام-سومنر ، ادوین ووز-رقص خورشید-دره خورشید ، آیداهو-بچه ساندنس-برتر Upland – Susquehanna (Susquehannock) سرخپوستان – Sutro ، Adolph Heinrich – Sutter ، John Augustus – Sutters Fort – Swan ، Alexander Hamilton – Swisshelm ، Jane Grey Cannon – Sycamore Shoals ، معاهده – Tabor ، Horace Austin WARNER – TAIT ، ARTHUR FITZWILLIAM – Taliaferro ، Lawrence – Tall Bull – Talmage ، James Edward – Tanner ، John – Taos and Santa Fe Art Art – سیاست تعرفه – میخانه ها و هتل ها – تیلور ، Bayard – – تیلور ، جان- موزه تیلور- تیلور ، زاخاری- رسوایی گنبد قوری- Tecumseh- Telegraph- Television- Teller ، هنری مور- کلاه ده گالن- تنسی ، شهرک- Tenskwatawa (” پیامبر شاونی ‘) – مقالات سرزمینی ایالات متحده – سیستم سرزمینی – تری ، آلفرد هاو – تگزاس – تگزاس و راه آهن اقیانوس آرام – تگزاس ، الحاق – تب تگزاس – تگزاس رنجرز – انقلاب تگزاس – تیمز ، نبرد – تئاتر – مؤسسه تاریخ و هنر آمریکا توماس گیلکراس – تامپسون ، بنیامین F. – تامپسون ، دیوید – تامپسون ، یعقوب – تورو ، هنری دیوید – تورپ ، توماس بانگز – – Thwaites ، Reuben Gold – Tijerina ، Reies Lopez – Tilghman ، ویلیام متیو جونیور – سرخپوستان Tillamook – قانون چوب و سنگ – قانون فرهنگ چوب – Tippecanoe ، Battle of – tl’ah ، Hastiin – Tlingitit سرخپوستان – توبین ، جان دبلیو – توکویل ، الکسیس دی – تاد ، جان بلر اسمیت – هندی های تولووا – توبون ، آریزونا – تاملینسون ، جورج A – تونوپاه ، نوادا – تونی [تونتی] ، هنری د – – جنگ حوضه تونتو – Toole ، K. Ross – مهندسین توپوگرافی ، سپاه – سفر توریستی – تاونلی ، آرتور چارلز – نظرسنجی های راه آهن بین قاره ای – پیمان بین قاره ای – حمل و نقل در رودخانه کلرادو – حمل و نقل به بزرگ دریاچه ها – حمل و نقل در سیستم رودخانه می سی سی پی – حمل و نقل ، اورژانس – شرکت ترانسیلوانیا – حوزه علمیه ترانسیلوانیا – تراشه ها – کتابهای راهنمای مسافران – تراویس ، ویلیام بارت – سرخپوستان Tsimshian – Tubac ، Arizona – Tucson ، Arizona – تولسا ، اوکلاهما – توماکوری – Tundra – Tunstall ، John – Turner ، Frederick Jackson – Turner ، James Milton – سرخپوستان Tuscarora – Twain ، Mark [Samuel Langhorne Clemens] – Tweton ، D. Jerome – – Twiggs ، David Emanuel – شهرهای دوقلوی ، مینسوتا – Twitchell ، Ralph Emerson – Tyler ، John – Tyson ، Ian Dawson – Udall Famili -سیاست هند ایالات متحده ، 1775-1860-سیاست هند ایالات متحده ، 1860-پیش نمایش-شرکت بخارپز ایالات متحده-دانشگا
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